A new look at roles of the cryosphere in sustainable development. A preliminary study of cryosphere service function and value evaluation. The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Van Drecht, G. The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers. MODIS/Terra Snow Cover Monthly 元 Global 0.05Deg CMG Dataset Version 6 (2015). A global inventory of mountains for bio-geographical applications. New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (IPCC, 2019). Climate change and mountain water resources: overview and recommendations for research, management and policy. Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Mountains of the world, water towers for humanity: typology, mapping, and global significance. An online interactive visualization of the water tower index and vulnerability is available at. Data for future projections of temperature and precipitation 40 used in this study are available online at. Data for future projections of GDP 41 used in this study are available online at. Data for future projections of population count 9 used in this study are available online at. Data on hydro-political tensions for transboundary river basins 37 used in this study are available online at. GE data 39 used in this study are available online at. BWS data 38 used in this study are available online at. Water demand data used in this study are available upon request from Y.W. Lake and reservoir storage data 50 used in this study are available online at. Glacier mass balance data 17, 49 are available online at. Glacier volume data 48 used in this study are available online at. Snow cover data used in this study 7 are available online at. Precipitation and evaporation data used in this study 32 are available online at. Mountain definition data 6 used in this study are available online at. Hydrological basin boundaries 5 used in this study are available online at. ![]() Third party data used in this study are available as follows. The data generated to support the findings of this study are available in an online data repository at at. Immediate action is required to safeguard the future of the world’s most important and vulnerable water towers. This could negatively impact 1.9 billion people living in (0.3 billion) or directly downstream of (1.6 billion) mountainous areas. We conclude that the most important (highest WTI) water towers are also among the most vulnerable, and that climatic and socio-economic changes will affect them profoundly. For each water tower, we assess its vulnerability related to water stress, governance, hydropolitical tension and future climatic and socio-economic changes. ![]() Here we present a global water tower index (WTI), which ranks all water towers in terms of their water-supplying role and the downstream dependence of ecosystems and society. They are highly sensitive and prone to climate change 3, 4, yet their importance and vulnerability have not been quantified at the global scale. Mountains are the water towers of the world, supplying a substantial part of both natural and anthropogenic water demands 1, 2.
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